INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

LESSON READ-THROUGH
by Dr. Carol JVF Burns (website creator)
Follow along with the highlighted text while you listen!
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‘Trigonometry’ derives from the Greek, meaning literally ‘triangle measuring’.
Because ‘trigonometry’ is such a long word, people often informally abbreviate it as ‘trig’.
The tools developed in trigonometry complement and expand those developed in geometry.

For example, geometry's ‘ASA’ (angle-side-angle) congruence theorem states that a unique triangle is formed by two angles and the included side. But what are the lengths (measures) of those remaining two sides? Trigonometry gives the answer.

Trigonometry is used heavily in calculus (e.g., related rate problems and integration techniques),
which is why it comprises a large part of any precalculus course.

Trigonometry is used in astronomy, navigation, architecture and land-surveying.
The trigonometric functions are invaluable in studying any periodic (repetitive) phenomena.
Love your cell phone and music CDs? Signal processing, noise cancellation, and music coding all use trigonometry.

Two Basic Approaches to Trigonometry:
the Right Triangle and Unit Circle Approaches

There are two basic approaches to trigonometry:

These two approaches are ‘introduced via sketches’ below, and discussed thoroughly in the next two sections.
You must know both approaches, because different problems favor one over the other.

Although at first glance the two approaches might seem totally different, they are actually beautifully intertwined:
take one approach, apply a smidgeon of similar triangle theory, and the other pops out!

Goal of both the Right Triangle and Unit Circle Approaches to Trigonometry

Both the ‘right triangle’ and ‘unit circle’ approaches have the same goal—to define the primary two trigonometric functions.
These two functions are called sine and cosine:

formal (long) names: sine cosine
short names used in function notation: sin cos
pronunciations of both long and short names: SINE (long i)
(sounds like ‘sign’)
CO-sine
(literally, ‘in company with the sine’)

Inputs and Outputs for Sine and Cosine

Recall that a function takes an input, and then uses this input to give a unique corresponding output.
For trigonometric functions, the input is the measure of an angle (for now), and the output is a real number.

Note for more advanced readers:
Even though we're currently thinking of the trigonometric function input as the measure of an angle,
later on we'll think of it as an arbitrary real number.
IMPORTANT CONVENTION:
‘angle’ means ‘measure of the angle’

Strictly speaking, an angle is a geometric object.
It is a set of points formed by the union of two rays that share a common endpoint.
In trigonometry and beyond, however, it is the measure of the angle that is needed.
It's really inconvenient to always have to say ‘the measure of the angle’ instead of just ‘the angle’!

So, from this point on in this web site curriculum,
whenever we say ‘angle’ we really mean the measure of the angle!

For emphasis, let's repeat an earlier sentence with our new convention:

For trigonometric functions, the input is an angle (for now), and the output is a real number.

Outputs from Sine and Cosine are Extremely Simple!

As you'll see below, the outputs from sine and cosine are extremely simple!
In the right triangle approach, they're just ratios of lengths of sides of a triangle.
In the unit circle approach, they're just coordinates of a point.
Oh, that such incredible power and utility can come from such simple beginnings!

Information that is Common to Both the Right Triangle and Unit Circle Approaches

The following information is common to both approaches:

‘In a Nutshell’: the Right Triangle and Unit Circle Approaches

Here are ‘in a nutshell’ looks at the two approaches.
For all the details, study the next two sections in this Precalculus course:

the Right Triangle Approach to Trigonometry



In the right triangle approach to trigonometry,
the trigonometric functions are just
ratios of lengths of sides in a right triangle!
Here's an example,
using the familiar $\,30^\circ$-$60^\circ$-$90^\circ\,$ triangle:



$$ \begin{alignat}{2} \sin 30^\circ&\ \ =\ \ && \frac{s}{2s} &\ \ =\ \ && \frac 12\cr\cr \cos 30^\circ &\ \ =\ \ && \frac{\sqrt 3s}{2s} &\ \ =\ \ && \frac{\sqrt 3}2\cr\cr \sin 60^\circ &\ \ =\ \ && \frac{\sqrt 3s}{2s} &\ \ =\ \ && \frac{\sqrt 3}2\cr\cr \cos 60^\circ &\ \ =\ \ && \frac{s}{2s} &\ \ =\ \ && \frac 12 \end{alignat} $$

the Unit Circle Approach to Trigonometry



The circle above is centered at the origin
and has radius equal to $\,1\,.$

It is called the ‘unit circle’.

In the unit circle approach to trigonometry,
sine and cosine are just
coordinates of a point on the unit circle!
The sketch below shows two ways
to get to the same terminal point:


$30^\circ\,$
(positive angles are swept out counterclockwise; up)

$-330^\circ\,$
(negative angles are swept out clockwise; down)


It doesn't matter how we get there!
All that matters are the coordinates of the terminal point:

$\displaystyle\cos 30^\circ = \cos(-330^\circ) = \frac{\sqrt 3}{2}$

$\displaystyle\sin 30^\circ = \sin(-330^\circ) = \frac{1}{2}$
Master the ideas from this section
by practicing the exercise at the bottom of this page.


When you're done practicing, move on to:
the Right Triangle Approach to Trigonometry
On this exercise, you will not key in your answer.
However, you can check to see if your answer is correct.
PROBLEM TYPES:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
AVAILABLE MASTERED IN PROGRESS

(MAX is 13; there are 13 different problem types.)