Whenever you get a new mathematical object (like complex numbers),
you need to develop tools to work with the new object.
In this section, you'll learn how to do basic arithmetic and common tasks with complex numbers:
Remember the key fact:
Complex numbers allow us to compute the square root of negative numbers, like $\,\sqrt{-4}\,$.
Notice that $\,(2i)(2i) = 4i^2 = 4(-1) = -4\,$.
Thus, $\,2i\,$ is a (complex) number which, when squared, gives $\,-4\,$.
We write: $\,\sqrt{-4}=2i\,$.
Some of my students like to think of it this way:
You can slide a minus sign out of a square root, and in the process, it turns into the
imaginary number $\,i\,$!
It is conventional to write $\,2i\,$, not $\,i2\,$.
When there's no possible misinterpretation (see below), write a real number multiplier before the $\,i\,$.
In this situation, it's actually better to leave the $\,\sqrt{5}\,$ after the $\,i\,$.
Why?
If you pull the $\,\sqrt{5}\,$ to the front, it can lead to a misinterpretation, as follows:
The numbers $\,\sqrt{5}i\,$ and $\,\sqrt{5i}\,$ are different numberslook carefully!
In $\ \sqrt{5}i\ $, the $\,i\,$ is outside the square root.
In $\ \sqrt{5i}\ $, the $\,i\,$ is inside the square root.
Unless you look carefully, however, you might mistake one of these for the other.
By writing $\,i\sqrt{5}\,$, you eliminate any possible confusion.
Recall these two different questions, with two different answers:
Similarly, there are two different questions involving complex numbers, with two different answers:
Let's look at powers of $\,i\,$:
$i^1 = \LARGE \color{green} i$ | $i^2 = \LARGE \color{red} {-1}$ | $i^3 = \LARGE \color{blue} {-i}$ | $i^4 = \LARGE \color{purple} {1}$ |
$i^5 = \LARGE \color{green} i$ | $i^6 = \LARGE \color{red} {-1}$ | $i^7 = \LARGE \color{blue} {-i}$ | $i^8 = \LARGE \color{purple} {1}$ |
Notice that the same four values occur over and over again:
$\,i\,$, $\,-1\,$, $\,-i\,$, and $\,1\,$.
Multiplying by $\,i\,$ causes a $\,90^{\circ}\,$ counter-clockwise rotation (about the origin) in the complex plane!
This makes it easy to compute the value of $\,i\,$ raised to any (whole number) power:
just write the power as a multiple of four plus remainder,
and notice that the remainder determines the final value, as illustrated below:
$i^{2959}$ | original expression |
$\ \ = i^{4(739)+3}$ |
How many piles of size $\,4\,$ can we get from $\,2959\,$? First compute $\,2959/4 = 739.75\,$; you get $\,739\,$ piles, with some left over. Take away these $\,739\,$ piles of $\,4\,$ to see what remains: $\,2959 - 4(739) = 3\,$, so the remainder is $\,3\,$. Thus, $\,2959 = 4(739) + 3\,$. This is the name for $\,2959\,$ that we need! |
$\ \ = i^{4(739)}\cdot i^3$ | Use an exponent law: $\,x^{m+n} = x^nx^m\,$ |
$\ \ = (i^4)^{739}\cdot i^3$ | Use an exponent law: $\,x^{mn} = (x^m)^n\,$ |
$\ \ = 1^{739}\cdot i^3$ | since $\,i^4 = 1\,$ |
$\ \ = i^3$ |
Use the special properties of $\,1\,$; note that the only number remaining in the exponent is the remainder term! |
$\ \ = -i$ |
It's a lot easier to compute $\,i\,$ to the third power, rather than the $\,2959^{\text{th}}\,$ power! Ah, the power of renaming! |
(A careful reader may be concerned about using the laws of exponents with non-real numbers;
rest assured that their use here is fine.)
Adding and subtracting complex numbers is easy:
just work with the real and imaginary parts separately.
Here are some examples, where real terms are colored red and imaginary terms are colored blue:
Notice how the distributive law is used in the next example:
Precisely, we have:
Multiplying complex numbers is also easy:
just use FOIL!
For example,
$(3-4i)(2+5i)$ | original expression |
$\ \ = 6 + 15i - 8i -20i^2$ | FOIL |
$\ \ = 6 + 7i - 20(-1)$ | combine like terms; $\,i^2 = -1\,$ |
$\ \ = 26 + 7i$ | simplify |
Since you'll just think of using FOIL, you certainly won't memorize the following result.
It is included here only for completeness:
On this exercise, you will not key in your answer. However, you can check to see if your answer is correct. |
PROBLEM TYPES:
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